Baby Healthy

Healthy Pregnancy, Healthy Baby: Prenatal Care

INTRODUCTION
The geo-climatic conditions of Bangladesh supports rapid proliferation and growth of natural flora and fauna. Many herbs and shrubs that are found to have promising medicinal properties, mosquito larvicide and mosquito repellent properties. Due to the fact that the application of synthetic larvicide has poisoned the environment and nontarget organisms, natural products of plant origin with insecticidal properties have been tried as a method indigenous people to control a variety of insect pests and vectors in the recent past 1-5. Phytotoxic activity of Tagetes erecta was demonstrated by Sharma and Saxena 6 against third instar larvae and the second stephansi Anopheles. Azadirachtin, the active ingredient of indicators Neem has been renowned for its ability mosquito larvicide. Long before the advent of synthetic insecticides, plants and their derivatives were used to kill agricultural pests, the importance to public health and veterinary medicine. insecticidal activities of compounds derived from plants have been evaluated and some commercially exploited 7. Laboratory and field testing of plant extracts and purified chemicals showed mosquito larvicidal activity. Larvicidal activity of certain extracts of parts of plants such as Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vesica, Croton tiglium, Mentha arvensis, Ocimum basilicum, and Vitex negundo against Culex larvae was reported by Deshmukh 8. Moreover, the alcoholic extract of Artemisia annua was reported to be more toxic than hexane and acetone extract of Artemisia vulgaris extract against Culex larvae. Similarly, the extract of Cuscuta reflexa was found more effective than the extract of Cannabis sativa, against larvae of Culex 9. In accordance with Sharma and Shrivastava 10, the extract of Cuscuta reflexa was the most toxic to the larvae of Culex, followed by extracts Artemisia annua, Carica papaya, and the indicator of Lantana. Latha Piper longum 11 and extracts reported wightianum Zingiber to 80 mg / l caused total mortality in Culex quinquefasciatus and 60 mg / l for Culex sitiens. Fruit and seed extracts of Abrus precatorious 12 were toxic to adult mosquitoes and a crude extract of Withospermum arvense were toxic to Aedes aegypti, 13. Several reports related to the toxic properties of plant products against mosquito larvae, such as oils of three fruit peel against Culex pipiens citrus 14 and larvicidal properties of leaf extracts of Solanum nigrum 15 are available.
Insecticides of plant origin have been widely used in agricultural pests, and to vary a point against the insect vectors public health importance, which deserve careful and thorough investigation. The use of plant extracts for insect control has several attractive features as these tend to be more biodegradable, less hazardous and chemical rich source of diverse biological activities. Moreover, sources of herbs give an advantage for the discovery of new insecticides. Therefore, the biologically active plant materials have attracted considerable interest in mosquito control programs in recent times. This study deals with the detection of locally available herbs and shrubs mosquito larvicidal properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant materials collected in the forests of the foothills of Hilltracs Chittagong, Rajshahi and some other parts of the country were separated as leaves, twigs, flowers, tubers, roots, etc and air-dried in a shady place to keep their active ingredients intact. dry materials were powder in a mill table model for the extraction and each powdered plant material (500 g) was soaked in methanol in a sealed wide-mouth bottle and kept for 7 days. After that, the extracts of cold bottles with methanol were filtered and kept in petridishes for drying at room temperature. The average yield of crude extract (500 g) of powder was 3.5 g. dry extracts were used for larvicidal bioassay according to WHO standards. Stock solutions are prepared by dissolving extract plant (1 g) in water (1 liter) to 1,000 ppm strength. Teepol (1 ppm) was also added as an emulsifier. The different concentrations were prepared by the addition of required doses of the stock solution in beakers containing water (250 ml).
Laboratory-reared Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus were used for larvicidal bioassay under laboratory conditions (27 ° ± 2 ° C and 75 ± 5% RH). Twenty larvae of mosquitoes the third or early fourth instar were released in each beaker for 24 h with simultaneous control for each set of experiment. Three replicates were maintained each concentration. No food was added to the glass according to WHO standards. Mortality was recorded after 24 h of treatment and mortality corrected by the formula Abbot. The data were analyzed by probit analysis 16.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Of the 19 plants, Zenthoxylum limonella pericarp extract were found to possess the most effective larvicidal activity against Aedes (S) albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus with LD90 values at 0.47 ppm and 0.73 ppm, respectively, followed by seed extract of Piper nigrum, Piper longum, and extract of Spilanthes Acmella sheet (Table 1). Among others, extract of Citrus aurantifolia shell, extract Mentha arvensis leaf and flower extract of Tagetes patula were also found to have larvicidal properties. Leaf extracts, Lippia nodiflora, Chrysanthemum, Leuco, linifolia Lantana camera, cinerarifolium fruit Capsicum annuum extract, root extract of Moringa oleifera, and rhizome extract of Zingiber officinalis also showed larvicidal (DL90) activity against species with a higher dose.
As compared with herbal extracts, the concentration of limonella Zenthoxulum DL90 extract value was very low for both species. The Piper nigrum results are also encouraging considering other plant extracts tested against Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. Limonella Zenthoxulum DL50 showed 0.01 ppm and 0.02 ppm and Piper nigrum, to 0.56 ppm and 0.65 ppm accordingly. It may be the plant alkaloid that have a toxic effect on mosquito larvae. According Saxena5, et al. plant alkaloids resulted in a significant loss in the mortality test fertility and fertility in adult mosquito species. Sharma and Saxena 6 also found that petroleum ether extract erect Tagetes had a toxic effect on larvae of Anopheles stephensi and its growth rate significantly. In this study, post-treatment analysis Data on growth and fertility could not be carried out. Mwangi and Mukiama 17 observed that a fraction of Melia fruit volkensi karnel extract had growth inhibition activity in low concentration, while the other two fractions had acute toxic effects on mosquito larvae. According Pushpalatha and Muthukrishnan18, leaf extracts of Vitex negundo, Nerium oleander, and the seed extract of Syzygium jambolanum very low concentration had larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi, and also extended the duration larval stages of pupation. Mudrigal, 13 m. al. Reported that the methanol extracts were toxic Lithospernum arvense for Aedes aegypti larvae. Zenthoxylum limonella Fractionation of extract most active compound can control mosquito larvae. Clearly from this study that herbal extracts may be promising larvicidal efficacy. Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds and offer an advantage over pesticides synthetic since they are less toxic, less prone to the development of resistance, and readily biodegradable. Detection and identification of effective compounds available in Bangladesh will certainly bring more success at controlling mosquitoes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Professor Dr. Md. Nurul Islam and Shah Hussain Ahmad Mahdi for the assistance provided by the laboratory facilities and Professor M. Khalequzzaman in Statistical analysis of data.
REFERENCES
1. Sujatha, CH, Vasuki, V.; Mariappa, T.; Kalyanasundaramm. M. & Das, PK Evaluation of plant extracts for biological activity against mosquitoes. Int Pest Control, 1998, 30 :122-24.
2. Nath DR, Das, natural gas and Das, SC detection of native plant products as mosquito larvicide. . Geobios New reprints 8 (1): 27-29.
3. Sharma, RN, Tera, VS and Despande, the cost of new chemicals, natural products and their permutation the combination anti-pest insects. In: Impact of environment on animals and aquaculture, (eds. GK Manna and BB Jain. 1990. Pp 97-100.
4. Saxena, A. & Saxena, RC Effect of extract of Ageratum conyzoides in the development stages of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Environ. Biol:., 1992, 13 (3), 207-09.
5. Saxena, RC; Harshan, V., Saxena, A., Sukumaran, P. Sharma, MC and Lakshanakumar, larvicide M. chemosterilant and activity of Annona squamosa alkaloids against Anopheles stephensi. J. Amer. Mosq. Cont Assoc., 1993, 9 (1) 84-87.
6. Sharma, M. & Saxena, RC Phytoxicological activity of Tagetes erect in aquatic stages of Anopheles stephensi. Ind. J. malariol., 1994, 31 :21-26.
7. Jacobson, M. & Crosby, BG natural insecticides. Ny Lue Marcel Dekker, USA, 1971. 210 p.
8. Deshmukh, PB, Chavan, SR and Renapukar, DM A study of the activity insecticide than 20 native plants. Pesticides, 1982, 16 (2): 7-10.
9. Jaleesa, S., Sharma, SK; Rohman, SJ and Vergheese, T. Evaluation insecticidal properties of an indigenous plant, Cannabis sativa (Linn). Against mosquito larvae in laboratory conditions. J. Ent. Res:., 1993, 17 (2) 117-20.
10. Sharma, P & Srivastava, NC relative effectiveness of some important plant tissue extracts against larvae Culex. J. Ent. Res:., 1998, 22 (4) 377-80.
11. Latha, C.; Vijhayakumar, PD; Velayudhain, S. & Josheph, A. Biological activity of extracts of native plants as mosquito larvicides J.. Ind. Exp Biol, 1999, 37 :206-08.
12. Grainge, M. and Ahmed, H. Manual plants and pest control properties. John Willy and Sons, New York, 1998. 470 p.
13. Mudrigal, RV, Knapp, FE; Sigafus, R. & Smith, (Jr) RC extraction fraction of Lithospermum arvense (Linn) and its activity against mosquitoes Mosquito laevae News., 1979, 39 :536-40.
14. Al Dakhil, MA and Morsy, TA The larvicidal activities of the oils of three citrus peel against Culex pipiens. J. Soc Egypt. Sci., 1999, 29 :340-47.
15. Singh, SP; Raghabendra, K., Singh, RK and Subbarao, SK Studies on larvicidal properties of leaf extracts of Solanum nigrum (Linn) (family: Solanaceae). Currurrent Science, 2002, 81: 1529.
16. Finney, DJ Probit analysis. Ed 3. Cambridge University Press, London, 1971.
17. Mwangi, RW and Mukhiama, assessment of knowledge Meliá volkensi traditional extract fractions as mosquito larvicides. J. Amer. Mosq. Cont Assoc., 1988, 4 :442-47.
18. Pushpalatha, E. & Muthukrishnan, J. larvicidal activity of a few plant extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. Ind. J. malariol., 1995, 32: 14-23.
About the Author
Crop Protection and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. e-mail: dewan_zoo@ymail.com.
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Mom actress Pampers Cruisers trys commercial where the baby sitting in the big chair?
Who is the actress who plays the mother in the commercial Pampers in the small baby is trying to sit on the chair to large blue and white boxes? Is Hagertay Maritska?
I do not know who is, but Mariska looks nothing like me!
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Clarin Classic: The Secret of ESPN interoffice complaint memorandum [Clarin Turns 5] # deadspinturns5 was originally published on July 17, 2007 »More
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Gone are the days they were made to read body temperature with the help of archaic glass thermometers. No doubt all of us could have found the reading difficulty levels of mercury or thermometers glass. The irony is traditional that every man who reads the temperature on the thermometer will get a different answer!
With the development of technology we can now take advantage of the electronic thermometer is the latest fashion performed close to perfection. Electronic thermometers work completely differently from the traditional listed in the first paragraph. The only similarity between traditional and new thermometer thermometer will have the same probe. (The point that captures the temperature).
Let's look in depth at electronic thermometer function. The difference in the approach taken by the thermometer is in the use of thermal resistance to measure temperature resistance varies, unlike the traditional one, whichexpands mercury. The probe is supported at the point – the mouth, face, rectum, or ear drum under his arm and is heated to the same point temperature. While doing this, the thermal resistance used in the thermometer expands and increases endurance. The next act after the heat resistance, the microcontroller. microcontroller is a small computer which makes the task of interacting with the resistance and the transformation temperature. As soon as the microcontroller makes precise temperature resistance, creates a reading. The reading is displayed on the screen in digital form and also shown bright. Now you know why reading temperature in an electronic thermometer is easy and accurate!
The details of the electronic thermometer is explained below:
LCD screen
Waterproof
Best correction of up to 0.1 degrees Celsius
Quick response
Auto Off
Memorize last measured temperature
Removable cellular energy and low voltage display
Temperature control range from 32 to 43 Celsius (89.6 F to 109.4 F)
When you have to buy an electronic thermometer for your home, there are many options to choose from. You can buy an electronic thermometer that can be used for children, adults and everyone in between! Its electronic thermometer is reliable and higher quality.
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About the Author
I have great interest in wholesale china
goods.
As a famous wholesaler, I have engaged in this line for more than 10 years.
I am glad to share experiences of china wholesale with you.
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